Spine Infections

Bacterial spinal infections: These infections are predominantly caused by bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, which infiltrate the bones, soft tissues, and discs of the spine. They can manifest as either acute or chronic conditions and may lead to complications such as vertebral osteomyelitis, epidural abscess, or discitis.

Tuberculous spinal infections: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for this type of infection, commonly known as Pott’s disease. It affects the vertebrae and spinal discs, potentially resulting in vertebral collapse and spinal deformities.
Viral spinal infections: These infections stem from viruses such as the herpes simplex virus, which target the spinal nerves and give rise to conditions like shingles or viral meningitis.

Fungal spinal infections: Infections caused by fungi like Aspergillus or Candida primarily affect the spine and nearby tissues. Although rare, they pose significant challenges in treatment, often requiring long-term medication.

Postoperative infections: These infections occur subsequent to spinal surgery, typically when bacteria enter the surgical site during or after the procedure.

Spinal abscess: These infections involve the accumulation of pus within the spinal column or its surrounding tissues, resulting from bacterial, fungal, or other microbial sources.

Causes of Spinal Infections

• Weakened Immune System: Conditions or situations that compromise the body’s immune response, such as immunodeficiency disorders, chronic illnesses, or certain medications, can increase susceptibility to spinal infections.
• Bloodstream Infections: Bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream from other parts of the body, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, or skin infections, can travel to the spine and cause infection.
• Trauma or Injury: Penetrating injuries or fractures to the spine can create openings for pathogens to enter, leading to infection.
• Underlying Medical Conditions: Conditions such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or cancer can weaken the immune system and predispose individuals to spinal infections.
• Intravenous Drug Use: Sharing contaminated needles or injection equipment increases the risk of bloodstream infections, which can lead to spinal infections.
• Invasive Medical Procedures: Certain medical interventions, such as spinal injections or catheterizations, can introduce microorganisms into the spinal area, potentially causing infection.
• Age: Older adults and infants are more susceptible to infections due to age-related changes in immune function.

Symptoms of spine infection

• Localized Pain: Persistent, severe pain in the affected area of the spine.
  Fever and Chills: Systemic symptoms indicating an ongoing infection.
• Neurological Symptoms: Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the arms, legs, or trunk due to nerve compression.
• Limited Mobility: Difficulty moving the spine or experiencing stiffness.
• Swelling and Tenderness: Inflammation and tenderness around the affected area of the spine.
  Restricted Range of Motion: Difficulty bending or twisting the spine due to pain and stiffness.
• Fatigue: Generalized weakness or malaise often accompanying infections.
• Muscle Spasms: Involuntary contractions of muscles around the spine, contributing to pain and discomfort.
• Visible Deformities: In severe cases, spinal deformities such as kyphosis or scoliosis may be noticeable.
• Bladder or Bowel Dysfunction: In advanced cases, spinal infections can lead to urinary or fecal incontinence due to nerve compression.

Antibiotic Therapy:

Administer IV antibiotics initially, followed by oral antibiotics for long-term treatment, tailored based on bacterial sensitivity.

Surgical Intervention:

Drain abscesses surgically, perform debridement to remove infected tissue, decompress spinal cord and nerves, and stabilize the spine with fusion surgery if necessary.

Pain Management:

Utilize medications like NSAIDs and opioids, consider physical therapy, and provide supportive devices such as braces for pain relief.

Monitoring and Follow-Up:

Schedule regular appointments to monitor treatment response, watch for complications, and adjust the treatment plan accordingly.

For spinal infections or spinal tuberculosis, contact Spine Synapse, Mumbai’s premier spine hospital. Schedule an appointment today with our top spine doctors.